Schizophrenia Its Aetiology Essay - 982 Words

Schizophrenia: its Aetiology Lesley Stevens and Ian Rodin justified the need of acquisition to the mental disorders’ aetiology in their book â€Å"Psychiatry†. They pointed out the fact that psychiatrists need to be familiar with the contribution of a particular disorder in order to make a more confident in the diagnosis. Knowing the aetiology of psychotic disorder is as important as the diagnosis. For the simple reason that psychotic disorders do not have particular tests that can be made for diagnosis; on the contrary, physical illnesses do. Knowing the probability of patients vulnerability to a particular disorder helps in the diagnosis. They gave an example explaining that the probability of having angina is more likely in a 60-year-old†¦show more content†¦However, 60% of schizophrenics have no biological relatives in which schizophrenia was diagnosed. Thus, hereditary alone cannot explain the aetiology of the disorder2. Using the word â€Å"environment† in science has a wide range of definitions. It is publically associated with the surrounding environment such as family history, home, or work environments. Although it is true, it is not thorough. In science the word â€Å"environment† can mean abuse, drug use, or some birth complications. The fact that both monozygotic twins do not develop schizophrenia indicates the presence of environmental factors. One may have whereas the other does not. It suggests that environmental factors have an impact and can cause schizophrenia. 1 According to Lesley Stevens and Ian Rodin schizophrenia can be caused by minor congenital abnormalities, low birth weight, abnormalities of dermatoglyphics , small head circumference, and being born in winter months. Another environmental factor that is believed to increase the risk of schizophrenia is the exposure to viruses. Moreover, studies have shown that fathers’ ages are believed to increase the ris k of schizophrenia. These studies present a potent connection between the fathers’ ages and offspring developing of schizophrenia. 2 As older the fathers are, the higher the risk of evolving schizophrenia in their offspring. It might be explained by the genetic mutations in the sperm which isShow MoreRelatedDevelopment of Schizophrenia660 Words   |  3 Pagestheories regarding the development of schizophrenia hypothesized that a large percentage of the onset of the psychotic disorder was due to genetic predisposition (Leboyer et al., 2008; Tsuang, Stone, Faraone, 2001). Meehl (1962) theorized that schizotaxia, a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia, inevitably results in schizotpy, the physical materialization of schizophrenia. Other early theories suggested that 80% of the likelihood of developing schizophrenia could be attributed to genetics (LeboyerRead MoreThe human brain is a very complex organ which has conquered the minds of many for the wonders it800 Words   |  4 Pageswhich has conquered the minds of many for the wonders it consistently propagates in terms of rationality, morality, sociol functioning, executive functioning and other attributes. A simple definition taken from the oxford dictionary 2014 defines schizophrenia as a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasyRead MoreSchizophreni A Long Term Psychotic Disorder1265 Words   |  6 PagesDefinition of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a long term psychotic disorder which severely affects the way a person thinks, behaves and their perception of the world. This illness has a negative impact on an individual’s social and occupational functioning and usually results in the affected person withdrawing from their family and friend (Trigoboff, 2008). The current DSM-V classification explores this definition in further detail and allows for reliable diagnosis in patients with schizophrenia. AccordingRead MoreIs Art A Mirror On Society?1559 Words   |  7 Pagesparanoid schizophrenia. At the institute he is treated with insulin shock therapy and released with a regiment of drugs. He stops taking the drugs due to the way they make him feel and soon relapses. After a series of unfortunate events including the near death of his child he agrees to go back on medication and seems to lead a relatively normal life after that (A Beautiful Mind, 2001). Paranoid Schizophrenia This movie presents the psychological disorder that is Paranoid Schizophrenia. This isRead MoreThe Effect Of Emotion Regulation On Persons Patients With Schizophrenia1344 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Theoretical Framework Statement of Research Problem Statement of Research Purpose Introduction Emotion regulation is often disturbed in persons diagnosed with schizophrenia, however little is known about how social cognition and metacognition are linked with the regulation of emotion in persons diagnosed with schizophrenia. Emotion regulation refers to the processes by which we influence which emotions we have, when we have them, and how we and express them and is comprised of antecedent-focusedRead MoreSchizophrenia And The World Health Organization Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pages Schizophrenia is perhaps the least understood and most frightening of the mental disorders. One percent of the world population is affected by it and the World Health Organisation has ranked it as the seventh greatest cause of disability worldwide (Frangou, 2008). On average it takes one to one and half decades off the sufferers life and is a greater cause of mortality than many cancers and physical illnesses (van Os Kapur, 2009). This paper will present an out of hospital case study and compareRe ad MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe term ‘Schizophrenia’ was introduced by Eugene Bleuler in 1908 to describe a set of symptoms previously labelled as dementia praecox. Schizophrenia refers to the splitting of different psychological symptoms within a single personality (Davey, G. 2014). â€Å"Schizophrenia is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behaviour, and other symptoms that cause social or occupational dysfunction. For a diagnosis, symptoms must have been present for six months and include atRead More The Causes of Schizophrenia Essay3196 Words   |  13 PagesSchizophrenia is undoubtedly one of the most common psychological disorders which according to epidemiology, affects at least 1 in 100 individuals (Kolb Whishaw, 2011), equating to 24 million people worldwide (World Health Organisation, 2012). Research has demonstrated that symptoms of the illness usually become apparent in late adolescence or early adulthood (Bear, Connors, Paradiso, 2007), with males typically experiencing an earlier onset in comparison to their female counterparts (KalatRead MoreThe Implications of Expressed Emotion in Schizophrenia1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe emergence of Schizophrenia can be attributed to many individual factors including biological causes, such as heredity and genetics, sociopsychological influences, like social class, and social factors, namely stressful life events. One particular opinion regarding the aetiology of this illness is Expressed Emotion: a concept which links directly to the emotional atmosphere in the caregivers home, and the feelings conveyed regarding the illness of the dependent (Whittick, 1993). When a SchizophrenicRead MoreIn Terms Of Percentage Life Time Risk, For Suicide In Affective1033 Words   |  5 PagesIn terms of percentage life time risk, for suicide in affective disorder risk is 6%, schizophrenia -4%, and alcohol dependence 7% according to {Inskip H.M. 1998}. This paper analysed data from 83 mortality studies of the specific disorder s listed. However it should be noted that none of the samples were followed through â€Å"to extinction.† This may correspond with the increase we have seen in suicide rates since the financial crisis as rates of depression and alcohol dependence are likely to increase

Business Evaluation

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Evaluation. Answer: Introduction The report provides detailed evaluation of Wesfarmers business strategies and operations. It aims to provide a deep-insight into the business evaluation of the organisation. It discusses about the various tools, which are helpful in making effective analysis of Wesfarmers sustainable competitive position in the Australian market. In addition to this, Human resource policies are also discussed to get a glimpse of companys corporate governance framework. Furthermore, this report also describes the capital structure of the company. Financial ratios are used for assessing companys liquidity position and financial health. Company Overview Wesfarmers had made its humble beginning in 1914. It is a leading cooperative institution for the farmers, in Western Australia. In 1984, it was listed on American Stock Exchange (Bach, and Krecek, 2012). The companys main objective is to provide services and rural commodities to Western Australias agricultural population. The company is composed of nine business divisions, which perform different functions (Lee, 2010). These functions include home improvement products, insurance, building materials, gases, coal, mining and production, industrial and safety products (McCauley et al., 2013). It had moved towards diversification in 1950 by becoming pioneer in distributing liquefied petroleum gas. The company has mainly developed and shaped its position through acquisition and disinvestment. It has been placed among the top Australian companies based on total shareholder return. Corporate Strategy of Wesfarmers Wesfarmers designs its own business strategies in order to win competitive advantage in the marketplace. One of these business strategies is the conduction of business by the business leaders. There exists integrity in the actions of business leaders. Moreover, strong commitment of the management to promote the companys values, lead it towards success (Roberts et al., 2015). The management takes every decision by giving due consideration to the effect on business and stakeholders. Wesfarmers corporate strategy also includes focus on importance of both existing and potential customers to ensure customer loyalty towards its products and services. It also motivates guides, inspire and support companys members in accomplishing Wesfarmers goals (Adams, 2016). Furthermore, companys ability to recognize and appreciate contributors efforts is another factor which sustains its competitive advantage. Swot Analysis of WesfarmersLTD Strengths Providing special offers and discounts Offering of reasonable price for its products and services Brand Legacy Weakness Low geographic presence Low profitability Opportunities New untapped market Initiatives in maintaining employee and customer loyalty Threats Growing competition Government regulations External business risk Strengths: Providing Special Offers and Discounts: It is considered as one of the important strengths of Wesfarmers Ltd because it believes in providing special offers and discounts to its customers, which helps company to attract and retains its customers effectively (Kenny, 2013). Offering of Reasonable Price for Product and Services: Wesfarmers Ltd offer reasonable price for its products and services which is effectively helpful in meeting the price requirements of customers. This helps company to maintain loyalty of its customers effectively. Brand Legacy: Wesfarmers Ltd is established since 1914, which shows its effective brand legacy and it is considered as most important strength to maintain and retain its employees and customers. Weakness: Low Geographic Presence: Wesfarmers Ltd is having its stable venture in Australia and believes in serving mainly domestic market, which is considered as its weakness (Keys, 2013). Because it increases its business risk for surviving in the global market and creates difficulty to maintain its effective position among its competitors which includes Woolworths and Myer etc. Low Profitability: Wesfarmers Ltd is having low profit potential, which creates difficulty for Company to retain its effective shareholders and investors because of inadequacy of returns. Opportunities: New Untapped Market: It means covering of untapped areas by the company, which helps Company to improve its competitive position. It also helps to increase profitability of business through increasing its customer base. Initiatives in maintaining employee and customer loyalty: Providing of effective pays, benefits and healthy working environment help Wesfarmers to retain it productive employees and also helps to maintain their loyalty (Hartel and Fujimoto, 2014). Moreover, providing of products and services including special offers and benefits also help company to maintain loyalty of customers. Threats: Growing Competition: Wesfarmers is having strong competition from Woolworths and Myer, which affects the profitability of the company adversely. Government Regulations: Regulations of Government are considerable threat for every business. Change in tax policies or other law affecting business of Company has high effect on companys stability (Chauvenet, et al., 2013). External Business Risk: It includes risk that arises to business due to negative impact of natural factors, change in economic factors and negative impact of political conditions and factors affecting business. Capital Structure of Wesfarmers Ltd Wesfarmers Ltd is maintaining an efficient capital structure. Its capital structure consists of greater proportion of variable security i.e. Equity, which is effectively helpful for maintaining credit worthiness of Company in the market (Pearce and Pinto, 2015). Furthermore, this Company believes in making efficient use of internal sources rather than external funding for meeting its funding requirements to run its business operations effectively. Company is having debt- equity ratio 63% in 2015, which indicates the effective capital structure of company, that helps company to meet its funding requirements easily (Brigham and Daves, 2014). It helps in maintaining financial flexibility of business. In addition to this, effective capital structure of Wesfarmers helps in providing adequate returns to its shareholders. Providing of adequate returns helps company to retain its investors and also increases their loyalty towards the company (Nobes and Stadler 2015). Furthermore, having vari able fund in higher volume indicates low burden on company to pay interest on fixed bearing funds and also helps company to pay off its liabilities easily. Measures of Financial Performance of Wesfarmers (a) ROE (return on Equity): It is considered as most popular measure of financial performance of any Company. It describes that how much profit, the company is generating from the money invested by shareholders in the company (Needles, et al., 2010). It is also considered as a profitability ratio from the point of view of investors because higher ROE helps in providing greater returns to shareholders. ROE= Net Income/ Shareholders Equity ROE of Wesfarmers: ROE for 2014= 2689/25987(Amount in $m) ROE for 2014 = 10.34% ROE for 2015= 2440/24781 ROE 2015 = 9.8% ROE of Wesfarmers Ltd in 2014 is 10.34% and 9.8% in 2015, which shows that company is providing effective and adequate returns to its shareholders (Park and Heaton, 2014). This is effectively helpful in maintaining its credit worthiness and also helps in retaining and attracting its existing and potential investors. (b) Current Ratio: The most common measure of liquidity position of Company is current ratio. It indicates the Companys ability to pay-off its current liabilities/ debts effectively (Gibson, 2012). Current ratio = Current Assets/Current liabilities Current ratio for Wesfarmers Company= 9093/9726= 0.93 Current ratio of Company is 0.93, which indicates that short term liquidity position of Company is not good to pay-off its short-term liabilities effectively. It is advisable to company to maintain its sale into cash instead of credit, which helps Company in getting easily availability of cash for meeting its short-term funding requirements. Human Resource Analysis of Wesformers Wesfarmers is one of the top companies of Australia. To maintain its position, Wesfarmers continually keeps improving sustainability of the business. It attempts to enhance the benefits for all the stakeholders and at same time, tries to implement a sound governance framework to fulfil its corporate governance obligations (McGraw and Dabski, 2010). The company members possess superior interpersonal skills and a passion for delivering good results. Wesfarmers provides a safe, ethical and stimulating working environment for its employees and also provides opportunities for their personal and professional advancement. The companys operations are energy efficient, thereby contributing to a new carbon economy. MarketingAnalyasis of Wesformers Using Ansoff Matrix Ansoff matrix is a useful marketing planning tool which aids business managers to devise strategies for their product and market growth (Michalena and Frantzeskaki, 2013). It provides strategic choices and direction for the business firms that will be used to analyse the Wesfarmers marketing strategies. Market penetration: Under this strategy, a business firm focuses on expanding sales of its existing product in the existing market. A firm can occupy greater market share by driving out its competitors, creating pricing strategies and sales promotion (Kenny, 2013). Wesfarmers also executes initiatives to increase its customer base within a certain market place. The company has expanded its products and services offerings (Kenny, 2013). In order to create value for long-term, Wesfarmers is proactively managing its existing products. For example, Coles has gained more sales and market share. Food and liquor sales have also been pushed up during 2016. Market development: It is a growth strategy under which, business firms attempt to sell their existing products in the new market (Layton, 2012). Wesfarmers seek to promote its existing products and services in the new market segment. The company has shown its interest in many other subsidiaries across Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, UK, China and Indonesia (Klettner et al., 2014). It has also planned to expand its convenience stores and fuel offer across all categories. Wesfarmers has also evaluated opportunities for value adding transactions and has also experienced increase in revenue through growth of Burnings. Product development: Under product development, business firms introduce new products into existing markets. It requires investment in research and development activities in order to come up with new range of products or services (Stokes et al., 2010). Wesfarmers has gained competitive advantage by focusing on innovation to differentiate its products. Also, there are additional businesses to Wesfarmers existing business. These include acquisition of hardware retailer, Coles, burnings and many more. Diversification: This strategy refers to the growth of a business firm by diversifying into new businesses. Under this strategy, new products are developed for new markets. It is comparatively more risky strategy as the business is entering into new unknown markets (Layton, 2012). Wesfarmers business is currently divided into two main segments. First is retail segment which consists of four divisions and the other is industrial segment which comprise of five segments (Rao, 2016). This retail segment has brought highest profits to the company. Since Wesfarmers is a listed company with the portfolio of diversified business, it emphasize on investing in all potential activities in which it functions. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that Wesfarmers has been successful in making its good position in the Western Australian marketplace. It has realized and improved the factors which affect the overall performance of its business. The above analysis shows that the company is having an efficient capital structure which enables it to maintain its credit worthiness. Moreover, Wesfarmers has the ability to attract and retain its stakeholders for a long time. However, the company needs to bring changes in its strategies from time-to-time, in order to adjust according to the market needs. References Adams, M.A., (2016) Contemporary case studies in corporate governance failures.Governance Directions,68(6), p.335. Bach, M. and Krecek, J. (2012) Environmental Reconstruction in Headwater Areas. Germany: Springer Science Business Media. Brigham, E. and Daves, P. (2014) Intermediate Financial Management. 12thedn. US: Cengage Learning. Chauvenet, A.L., Ewen, J.G., Armstrong, D. and Pettorelli, N. (2013) EDITOR'S CHOICE: Saving the hihi under climate change: a case for assisted colonization, Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(6), pp.1330-1340. Gibson, C. (2012) Financial Reporting and Analysis. 13thedn. US: Cengage Learning. Hartel, C. and Fujimoto, Y. (2014) Human Resource Management. Pearson: Australia. Kenny, G. (2013) The stakeholder or the firm? Balancing the strategic framework, Journal of Business Strategy, 34(3), pp.33-40. Keys, T. (2013) Supermarket wine sales: Sinner or saintly saviour, Wine Viticulture Journal, 28(3), p.13. Klettner, A., Clarke, T. and Boersma, M., (2014) The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.145-165. Layton, R., (2012) MarketingAs it once was, and, perhaps, might one day be!.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),20(3), pp.207-210. Lee, K.F., (2010) Retail minority shareholders and corporate reputation as determinant of dividend policy in Australia.Pacific-Basin Finance Journal,18(4), pp.351-368. McCauley, C. and Derue, S. and Yost, P and Taylor, S. (2013) Experience-Driven Leader Development: Models, Tools, Best Practices, and Advice for On-the-Job Development. US: John Wiley Sons. McGraw, P. and Dabski, S., (2010) Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting in Australia's Largest Companies.Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work,21(1), pp.390-409. Michalena, E. and Frantzeskaki, N., (2013) Moving forward or slowing-down? Exploring what impedes the Hellenic energy transition to a sustainable future.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,80(5), pp.977-991. Needles, B., Power, M. and Crosson, S. (2010) Financial and Managerial Accounting. 9thedn: Cengage Learning. Nobes, C.W. and Stadler, C., (2015) The qualitative characteristics of financial information, and managers accounting decisions: evidence from IFRS policy changes.Accounting and Business Research,45(5), pp.572-601. Park, J.S. and Heaton, C., (2014) Technical trading rules in Australian financial markets.International Journal of Economics and Finance,6(10), p.67. Pearce, P. and Pinto, D., (2015) An evaluation of the case for a congestion tax in Australia.Tax Specialist,18(4), p.146. Rao, R., (2016) Review of applications of TLBO algorithm and a tutorial for beginners to solve the unconstrained and constrained optimization problems.Decision Science Letters,5(1), pp.1-30. Roberts, K., Roberts, J.H., Danaher, P.J. and Raghavan, R., (2015) Practice Prize PaperIncorporating Emotions into Evaluation and Choice Models: Application to Kmart Australia.Marketing Science,34(6), pp.815-824.